Effects of trade barriers

Impacts of exchange boundaries Part 1 Presentation Exchange is a trade of administrations and products for different administrations and merchandise or for cash, Trade ( 2010). The paper examines about the impacts of exchange obstructions on worldwide exchange, for example to recognize at least one factors (swelling, transportation cost, tax, settlements, populace, GDP deflator and swapping scale) in the examination that impact global exchange the most. An exchange obstruction is a general term that depicts any administration strategy or guideline that limits worldwide exchange (Trade hindrance, 2010). The issue talked about is the impact of exchange boundaries on global exchange. So as to address the issue, two speculations have been created and tried. Every theory clarifies the impact of factors as boundary to worldwide exchange. Auxiliary information of three years involved on year 2005-2007, gathered from the source World Trade Organization (WTO). The factual instrument applied to test the theory is multi-variate relapse model as there are more than one free factor and one ward variable. The free factors distinguished in this paper are (Inflation, Exchange Rate, Remittances, GDP, Tariff, Population and Transportation Cost) the needy variable are (Imports and Exports). The measurable consequence of the speculation testing can be found in the accompanying sections. Expansion For the most part expansion is characterized as an ascent in the general degree of costs of merchandise and enterprises after some time, where as the vast majority of the financial expert characterize swelling as an ascent in the costs of some particular arrangement of merchandise or administrations, comprehend that the ascent in costs is for explicit arrangement of merchandise and ventures and it ought to be steady, just as an ascent in cost of one great or administration when contrasted with different doesn't mean an increment in swelling it ought to be expanded for each item or administration. Expansion is estimated as the rate pace of progress of a value file (Haq Hussain, 2008). Proportions of Inflation There are numerous proportions of expansion each for various segment, Purchaser Price Indices (CPI) CPI gauges the cost of merchandise and enterprises bought by a shopper (Haq Hussain, 2008). Average cost for basic items Indices (COLI) Are files like the CPI which is regularly used to change fixed and legally binding wages (Haq Hussain, 2008). Maker Price Indices (PPIs) measures the costs recognized by makers. This contrasts from the CPI in that value sponsorship, pay, and assessments may cause the sum recognized by the maker to vary from what the purchaser paid. Maker value swelling estimates the weight being put on makers by the expenses of their crude materials. This could be passed on as customer swelling, or it could be consumed by benefits, or counterbalance by expanding profitability (Haq Hussain, 2008). Ware Price Indices (CPI) gauges the cost of a determination of wares. In the current ware value lists are weighted by the overall significance of the segments to the all in cost of a worker (Haq Hussain, 2008). Gross domestic product Deflator Gross domestic product deflator is a proportion of the cost of the considerable number of merchandise and enterprises remembered for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Haq Hussain, 2008). Capital Goods Price Index Up until now (CGPI) has not been set up, where as a few business analysts have as of late called attention to the need of estimating capital merchandise swelling (expansion in the cost of stocks, land, and different resources) independently. Undoubtedly a given increment in the flexibly of cash can prompt an ascent in swelling (utilization merchandise expansion) as well as to an ascent in capital products value expansion. The development in cash flexibly has remained genuinely steady through since the 1970s anyway utilization products value swelling has been marked down on the grounds that the vast majority of the expansion has occurred in the capital merchandise costs, Haq Hussain (2008), where as there are two regular realized measures generally announced in numerous nations, for example CPI and GDP Deflator. The above graph shows the exchange of world created nations regarding fares and imports, the sum is in US billion dollars, the following outline is of swelling of the created nations of the world, the intention is to think about and break down the nations expansion rate and exchange request to look at the effect brought about by swelling on nations exchange. As it very well may be seen that every nation has diverse effect of swelling on its imports and fares, for example Australia expansion rate was 2.30% in year 2007 where as its fares were 142 billion dollars and its imports were 160 billion dollars, also for Canada its swelling rate was 2.10% and its fares were 431.1 billion dollars and its imports were 386.4 billion dollars, consequently if an examination is made between these nations it tends to be seen that each nation has an alternate effect of swelling on its exchange, thus it tends to be said that the explanation behind this distinction of progress is the size of countrys monetary and money related structure. Duty A duty is an expense constrained on an imported or sent out wares. As a rule lingo, be that as it may, it has come to mean import obligations charged at the time products are imported (Parkin, 1996). As per Japans customs levy law a tax a duty dependent on the standard of evaluation of costs or volume of imported merchandise (Tariff, 2010). Elements of Tariff There are three significant elements of levies: To fill in as a premise of pay; To ensure residential ventures; and To cure exchange bends (restorative capacity) (Functions of Tariff, 2010). The Income Function The pay work essentially implies that the salary from taxes furnishes governments with a wellspring of assessment income. Before, the salary work was without a doubt a significant purpose behind applying levies, for example Japan produces around 845 billion yen in tax income every year, which speaks to roughly 1.9 percent of all out assessment income (Meti, 2010). Assurance of Domestic Industries Levies are likewise utilized as an approach device to shield household enterprises from rivalry of bringing in merchandise, just as duties are additionally utilized as a wellspring of security of market access from outside exporters (Meti, 2010). Solution for Trade Distortions Restorative levies are utilized as a solution for exchange contortions brought about by organizations to harm residential industry, for example against dumping understanding is utilized to force obligations on organizations sending out products that are explicitly restricted and cause harm to household industry of bringing in nation (Meti, 2010). Settlement Settlement can be characterized as totals of cash that a transient laborer sends back to their nation of starting point (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). Settlement plays an imperative wellspring of pay for creating nation economies, just as a great many individual families, prevalently poor ladies and their kids. Not at all like guide or covered venture streams, settlement arrives at the poor straightforwardly, and the poor choose how the cash is spent. Significantly, settlement benefits additionally offer a methods for financial establishments to expand their effort and essentialness to poor customers (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). For example the biggest transmitting nations as far as volume are the United States with settlements adding up to $28.4 billion, Saudi Arabia with settlements adding up to $15.1 billion and Germany with settlements adding up to $8.2 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). In the examination, Ratha (2003), it was discovered that more than seventy five percent of settlements go to bring down mid-pay and low pay creating nations. India gets the biggest volume of settlement mounting to $10 billion, at that point Mexico with $9.9 billion, trailed by the Philippines with $6.4 billion (Wimaladharma, Pearce Stanton, 2004). Conversion scale The cost of one countrys money communicated in another countrys cash. At the end of the day, the rate at which one money can be traded for another. For example, the higher the conversion scale for one euro as far as oneyen,the lower the general estimation of the yen (Investopedia , 2010). Swapping scale and Trade Swapping scale is one of the significant factors in an open economy since it influences such huge numbers of business, venture and vital choices. Different observational investigations have been led to survey the impact of swapping scale on exchange balance, with the target of giving significant contributions to strategy producers on the convenience of conversion standard approach, for example, debasement based change strategies (affected through ostensible conversion scale) to adjust a countrys outside exchange for example, Greenwood (1984), Himarios (1989), Rose Yellen (1989) gave the proof of connection between conversion standard and exchange balance. In an investigation, Oskooee (2001) expressed that energy about conversion scale legitimately influences a nation exchange as it very well may be utilized as a push to build global intensity and help to improve its exchange balance. Then again it was additionally revealed in the investigation that deterioration of conversion standard expands sends out by making trades genuinely less expensive, and plague imports by making imports genuinely increasingly costly, in this way improving exchange balance(Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000). Japan and ASEAN An investigation directed utilizing exchange balance information from year 1986 to 1999 among Japan and 5 ASEAN nations to look at the effect of swapping scale on nations exchange balance. It was found in the investigation that the job of swapping scale changes in starting changes in the exchange adjusts has been exaggerated. It is generally expected that the decline of ASEAN-5 trade rates regarding Japanese yen would improve these economies exchange offsets with Japan during the example time of study (Liew, Lim, Hussain, 2000). GDP GDP is the estimation of group or complete creation of merchandise and ventures in a nation during a given timespan (Parkins, 1996). Proportions of GDP There are two normal proportions of GDP in particular: Consumption Approach. Factor Income Approach. Expendi

Language and Memory Essay

Language is the mode of correspondence. It tends to be verbal or composed, utilizing distinctive traditional images and sounds. Every single social animal on Earth have their own dialects, for example, honey bees, ants, and gorillas. Human language is the most muddled of all due to discourse. It is an advancing procedure of signs and images. It comprises of various components, for example, phonemes, syllables, words, syntactic classes, sentences, talks, and some more. One of the qualities of language is that it is representative. It utilizes images like pictures, outlines, letters, numbers, and the same. Instances of this trait of language include the hieroglyphics of old Egypt and the antiquated images of the Mayans. Along these lines, it is significant for people to have the option to comprehend and remember the images so as to set up correspondence. Memory assumes a significant job during the time spent language. It is the staff of the psyche which stores information, past considerations, impression or occasions. Each word that is utilized, regardless of whether in confinement or utilized in a sentence has an importance and that is put away in our cerebrums (Kutas, et al, 2000). There are various kinds of memory. The first is the momentary memory which reviews occasions that occurred from a couple of moments to a not exactly a moment prior. Long haul memory, then again, is a more grounded memory, which can review occasions a couple of moments after it occurred. Long winded memory is answerable for individual encounters. Since language is made out of images and sounds, the human mind goes about as an inventory of these images and their comparing implications. This is called semantic memory (â€Å"Types†, n.d.). Nature and Function of Semantic Memory Semantic memory is basic in language. It comprises of autonomous thoughts. These comprise of data, for example, the area of the Great Wall, the state of an apple, or the shades of the rainbow. Semantic memory arranges thoughts and allocates them to words and language, which are basic in setting up correspondence. In a book entitled, â€Å"Essentials of Human Memory† composed by Alan D. Baddeley, semantic memory doesn't really mean a relationship between words (1999). Baddeley called attention to that semantic memory is really worried about ideas or thoughts, having connection to words yet are not words themselves. He contended that a significant part of the data put away in the semantic framework comprises of observations and gained information. It is predominantly an assortment of encounters, more than what words can pass on (p. 157). There are numerous perspectives with respect to the idea of semantic memory. Baddeley cited various analysts that have their own hypotheses. Roger Brown and Eric Lenneberg depicted the idea of semantic memory utilizing hues. As per them, central hues, or hues that have short names are simpler to recall, for example, red, blue and green. The discoveries bolster the Whorfian theory, which expresses that shorter words can without much of a stretch be recalled (157). Elements of Language Language is a vehicle of articulation that can either be spoken or composed. As indicated by Patrick Lockerby, language is â€Å"a coding framework and a methods by which data might be transmitted or shared between at least two communicators for motivations behind order, guidance or play† (2009). Language has numerous capacities however can be streamlined into three. The principal is the educational language work. This is fundamental in correspondence and directing of data. It is utilized to depict the world or thoughts towards it. This capacity includes explanations with worth or truth. The second is expressive language work. Here, language is utilized as a vehicle of sentiments and mentalities. Instances of this are verse and composition. There are two angles in this capacity of language. These are bringing out specific emotions and communicating sentiments. The third capacity of language is known as the order language work. It is ordinarily found in solicitations or orders. It isn't regularly viewed to as obvious or bogus. There are different elements of language beside the three fundamental capacities. The formal language, for instance, is utilized such that it blends the expressive and the order language for the utilization of execution. The announcement â€Å"I do† in a marriage is a case of performative expressions indicating activity. There is additionally phallic language where there is a progress from communicated in language to non-verbal communication (â€Å"Functions, n.d†.). Phases of Production Essentially, the procedure of language creation starts at the wellspring of the data, which is the sender. The message is conceptualized and afterward encoded to semantic structure, which includes the use of words and sentences. The semantic structure is then encoded to discourse. Discourse is the one liable for conveying the encoded data to the audience through sound. The sound is decoded by the audience into its etymological structure, which is then decoded to its unique significance (â€Å"Language†, n.d.). Memory and Language Bruce A. Crosson and Bruce Crosson examined the connection among language and memory in their book, â€Å"Subcortical Functions in Language and Memory†. Before any data is put away in the drawn out memory, it should initially be changed over to etymological framework with semantic attributes. Along these lines, the capacity to recover verbal memory of a specific substance is subject to how the spoke to element is gotten to. This backings the significance of language since it is subject to verbal memory (1992). In addition, implications or words and images are put away in the semantic memory. A proof of this is the capacity to create one’s jargon (325). There are additionally examines which propose a huge connection between the semantic memory and language. An investigation by Marta Kutas and Kara D. Federmeier demonstrated that semantic memory assumes a job in language cognizance as uncovered by electrophysiology. An electrophysiological cerebrum part called the N400 uncovers the nature and timing of a functioning semantic memory during language appreciation. Results show that sentence preparing is affected by the association of semantic memory. In the left side of the equator, the semantic memory appears to pre-enact the significance of inevitable words (2000). The connection among memory and language was concentrated by Viorica Marian and Margarita Kaushanskaya. Their examination included testing availability of general information across two dialects in bilinguals. Mandarinâ€English speakers were posed inquiries, for example, â€Å"name a sculpture of somebody remaining with a raised arm while investigating the distance†. The respondents were probably going to answer Statute of Liberty for the English speakers and Statute of Mao for the Mandarin speakers. At the point when the exactness of the appropriate responses was estimated, it demonstrated that language-subordinate memory affects the two dialects. In estimating the speed of noting was estimated, it demonstrated that just the bilinguals’ progressively capable language is the main ones influenced by language-subordinate memory (2007). The consequences of this examination propose that there is a solid connection among memory and language. Likewise, semantic setting at the hour of learning may get coordinated into memory content. End Taking everything into account, language assumes a significant job in correspondence and learning. It speaks to thoughts, considerations and perspectives that are installed in the semantic framework. Language likewise has a wide range of capacities. Essentially, these capacities are instructive, expressive, and order. Memory and language are firmly related. As referenced previously, any data, previously, entering to the drawn out memory must be changed over to an etymological framework first. Semantic memory in this manner, is noteworthy in language creation since the data in the verbal memory is subject to how to get to its portrayals. References Baddeley, A. D. (1999). â€Å"Essentials of Human Memory†. The Psychology Press, Ltd. â€Å"Common Forms and Functions of Language† (n.d.). Prologue to Logic. Recovered 16 May 2010 from http://philosophy.lander.edu/rationale/form_lang.html. Crosson, B. An., and Crosson, B. (1992). â€Å"Subcortical Functions in Language and Memory†. New York, New York: The Guilford Press. Kutas, Mand and Federmeier, K. D. (2000). â€Å"Electrophysiology Reveals Semantic Memory use in Language Comprehension†. Patterns in Cognitiv Sciences, 4 (12). â€Å"Language Production†. (n.d.) Wikepedia. Recovered 16 May 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_production. Lockerby, P (n.d.). â€Å"What is Language?†. The Chatter Box. Recovered 16 May 2010 from http://www.scientificblogging.com/chatter_box/blog/what_language. Marian, V. and Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). â€Å"Language Context Guides Memory Content†. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 14 (5), 925-933.  â€Å"Types of Memory†, (n.d.). Mind Training Software. Recovered 16 May 2010 from http://www.positscience.com/about-the-mind/cerebrum realities/kinds of-memory.

The History of Leap Year

The History of Leap Year A jump year is a year with 366 days, rather than the standard 365. Jump years are fundamental on the grounds that the genuine length of a year is 365.242 days, not 365 days, as normally expressed. Jump years happen like clockwork, and years that are equally distinguishable by 4 (2004, for instance) have 366 days. This additional day is included to the schedule February 29th. Be that as it may, there is one exemption to the jump year rule including century years, similar to the year 1900. Since the year is marginally under 365.25 days long, including an additional day at regular intervals results in around 3 additional days being included all through 400 years. Hence, just 1 out of each 4 century years is considered as a jump year. Century years are possibly considered as jump years on the off chance that they are equitably detachable by 400. Along these lines, 1700, 1800, 1900 were not jump years, and 2100 won't be a jump year. However, 1600 and 2000 were jump years in light of the fact that those year numbers are equally distinct by 400. Julius Caesar, Father of Leap Year Julius Caesar was behind the birthplace of jump year in 45 BC. The early Romans had a 355-day schedule and to keep celebrations happening around a similar season every year a 22 or multi day month was made each subsequent year. Julius Caesar chose to improve things and added days to various months of the year to make the 365-day schedule; the real counts were made by Caesars stargazer, Sosigenes. Each fourth year following the 28th day of Februarius (February 29th) one day was to be included, making each fourth year a jump year. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII further refined the schedule with the standard that jump day would happen at whatever year distinct by 4 as portrayed previously.

Tata Ace

Advertising StatergyX MBA 18 †Vashi Core IIHerat Mehta Henry Ford said that clients could get vehicles of any shading as long as it was dark, while Tata Motors went to clients before structuring Ace and got some information about the cost and highlights that they needed. Thoroughly analyze between these two methodologies? 1. Both the cases are identified with Automobile ventures. Mr. Portage is discussing traveler vehicles and goodbye is discussing business vehicles. Central matters can be contended as follows. Portage Cars| Tata Ace| Passenger Vehicles| SCV| Effectively made an immense market and business| Trying to make another section in the business| Going for Mass production| Product planned for sparing the whole business. | Almost restraining infrastructure business as 50 % of the prerequisite was satisfied by Ford| Looking for the new client or changing over clients for their item. | Assembly line creation arranged. | Product for the individuals and by the individuals idea. | Production can be quicker as dark is the quickest drying colour| Not clear about the reachable deals from the objective 30,000 units for each year. Just shading becomes requirement for the imminent purchaser. | The whole plan idea is yet to be demonstrated. | To sum up, both the methodologies take a gander at their own stages. Distinguish two exercises done by Tata Motors while applying the showcasing idea for creating Ace? 2. Actualized cross †utilitarian groups which utilized 3P idea. (Creation, planning process) Extensive market study considering every conceivable factor like political, development, improvement and furthermore client need and prerequisites. Item was structured as the item from the client, for the client and planned it as a vehicle to support the last mile appropriation. What are the various sorts of advantages or satisfactions that buyers can draw from an item or an assistance? Examine regarding the case? 3. The Benefits that the clients can take from Tata Ace: * Better expense per ton for transportation. * Better eco-friendliness. * Safety * Durability * Weather sealing for the driver. * Additional payload. * Higher status in the network. * Personal inspiration to begin own business. Better mobility, can go on all streets without limitations, Can travel longer separation at a stretch and can arrive at littlest of the paths or zones. * Self fulfillment of having or driving a little truck. What showcasing exercises did you gain from the whole contextual investigation identified with promoting? 4. Following focuses are significant for advertising an item * It is imperative to include showcasing ideas while or preceding pl an of an item. * Development of any item ought to include all advertising factors for the accomplishment of the item. It is critical to think about practical circumstances while doing advertising research. * Same promoting ideas may not work each time for various items or for comparative items. * It is must to include (consider) end clients while planning an item. * It is likewise critical to make a legitimate market division and characterize target advertise for any item. * Emotional thought while characterizing advertising system is significant. * To arrive at mass in India, promoting ought to be done in all dialects and likewise in neighborhood media. The item ought to be upheld unequivocally by neighborhood accessibility and after deals administration. * It is imperative to maintain a strategic distance from account related issues of the forthcoming clients. advertising activities you might want to propose for the eventual fate of Tata Ace? 5. Goodbye should take following Initi atives: * Give more models with various choices like, ground-breaking motor, cooling, choice of more hues and body size. * Tata should target further into business explicit models. * Reinforce administration focuses with instructive drive and free administrations. Should make Ace at various geological plats with the goal that the gracefully is quicker and less expensive. * Tata should dispatch a higher limit form on a similar stage again naming Ace + or proportionate. * To direct a review on the parts which are most inconsistent and work on them. * To lessen cost of parts and make them effectively accessible with the goal that the duplication market can be stayed away from. * another and new group to chip away at future activities required and again return to the clients for additional info. (This time ought to go to existing client demonstrating the responsibility from the organization)

How to Avoid Peer Pressure in College

How to Avoid Peer Pressure in College Peer Pressure in College is a Real Thing, and You Can Avoid it With These Tips Peer Pressure in College is a Real Thing, and You Can Avoid it With These Tips Peer pressure is something that high school students are warned about, but many don’t realize that it doesn’t just stop once you graduate. In fact, peer pressure in college can be even more damaging than high school’s version, because the stakes are significantly higher and everyone is now older. You’re going to be on your own, which can be intimidating. This means you don’t have the comforts of home to run to or your family by your side to guide you. You’ll need to make decisions independently. Take the time to take care of yourself and resist the pressures of conforming to be something you aren’t. Here are some great ways to make sure you stay strong and continue to resist. Say No and Mean it Sometimes you need to put your foot down and stay true to your own principles. Say “no” with authority in your voice to emphasize the fact that you are not willing to compromise your own values. Your friends might try to guilt you into doing something or make you feel bad for it, but the truth is that they may not even remember this a few weeks down the road. Additionally, the more you say “no,” the more people are going to give up on asking you. Take Yourself Out of Stressful Situations This seems like a simple concept, but sometimes it’s harder than you think to remove yourself from a situation where you could be pressured into doing something you don’t want to do. For example, if you don’t want to drink, don’t attend a party with your friends where you will be exposed to alcohol and the people who are drinking it. Instead, befriend people who like to do more healthy things, such as going bowling or to the movies. Know Your True Friends A true friend won’t try to pressure you into doing something you don’t want to do. If someone is continuing to persist, they are not worth your time and don’t have your best interest in mind, so the best thing to do is remove yourself from their friendship. While it might not feel great at first, you’ll know it was the right decision soon enough. Delay Your Response If someone is asking you to do something you don’t want to do and you don’t feel comfortable saying “no” upfront, delay your response. Say, “I’ll let you know,” or “let me check and get back to you” instead, to give you more time to build up the strength to say no. Stay Focused on Your Social Life Without the Stress of Schoolwork Let a team of academic writers take care of your schoolwork so you have one less thing to worry about. Each of our writers has been where you are and knows how hard it is to navigate the world of college and university while maintaining good grades and academic success. That’s why we’ll take care of your schoolwork for you. Order your custom essay now and focus on doing the better thing for your life. References: (n.d.) Counseling psychological services: How to handle peer pressure. The University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved from . Bell, A. (2013). 20 ways to avoid peer pressure. Your Life Counts. Retrieved from 20-ways-avoid-peer-pressure. How to Avoid Peer Pressure in College Peer Pressure in College is a Real Thing, and You Can Avoid it With These Tips Peer Pressure in College is a Real Thing, and You Can Avoid it With These Tips Peer pressure is something that high school students are warned about, but many don’t realize that it doesn’t just stop once you graduate. In fact, peer pressure in college can be even more damaging than high school’s version, because the stakes are significantly higher and everyone is now older. You’re going to be on your own, which can be intimidating. This means you don’t have the comforts of home to run to or your family by your side to guide you. You’ll need to make decisions independently. Take the time to take care of yourself and resist the pressures of conforming to be something you aren’t. Here are some great ways to make sure you stay strong and continue to resist. Say No and Mean it Sometimes you need to put your foot down and stay true to your own principles. Say “no” with authority in your voice to emphasize the fact that you are not willing to compromise your own values. Your friends might try to guilt you into doing something or make you feel bad for it, but the truth is that they may not even remember this a few weeks down the road. Additionally, the more you say “no,” the more people are going to give up on asking you. Take Yourself Out of Stressful Situations This seems like a simple concept, but sometimes it’s harder than you think to remove yourself from a situation where you could be pressured into doing something you don’t want to do. For example, if you don’t want to drink, don’t attend a party with your friends where you will be exposed to alcohol and the people who are drinking it. Instead, befriend people who like to do more healthy things, such as going bowling or to the movies. Know Your True Friends A true friend won’t try to pressure you into doing something you don’t want to do. If someone is continuing to persist, they are not worth your time and don’t have your best interest in mind, so the best thing to do is remove yourself from their friendship. While it might not feel great at first, you’ll know it was the right decision soon enough. Delay Your Response If someone is asking you to do something you don’t want to do and you don’t feel comfortable saying “no” upfront, delay your response. Say, “I’ll let you know,” or “let me check and get back to you” instead, to give you more time to build up the strength to say no. Stay Focused on Your Social Life Without the Stress of Schoolwork Let a team of academic writers take care of your schoolwork so you have one less thing to worry about. Each of our writers has been where you are and knows how hard it is to navigate the world of college and university while maintaining good grades and academic success. That’s why we’ll take care of your schoolwork for you. Order your custom essay now and focus on doing the better thing for your life. References: (n.d.) Counseling psychological services: How to handle peer pressure. The University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved from . Bell, A. (2013). 20 ways to avoid peer pressure. Your Life Counts. Retrieved from 20-ways-avoid-peer-pressure.