Virtual Reality Essay Example For Students

Virtual Reality Essay Virtual Reality is interactivity in such a way that the user actually feelsimmersed in the world that the computer creates. Special clothing, headgear andequipment, depending upon the application. The clothing contains sensors thatrecord the users movements and immediately transmit that information back to thecomputer. For example, to walk through a virtual reality simulation of a house,you would need garb that monitors the movement of your feet, hands and head. Youwould also need goggles that contain video screens and also audio attachmentsand feeling gloves so that you can be immersed in the computer feedback. Virtualreality also provides benefits in educational, scientific and business work. We will write a custom essay on Virtual Reality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Japan has just put it to work in its department stores. The stores sell kitchenappliances called Virtual Kitchen. The prospective buyers bring their kitchenlayouts to the department store, where trained staff enters a copy of the designinto the computer. The customers then don the appropriate equipment and suddenlyfind themselves in their own kitchen. These appliances can be tried out invarious sizes, colours and locations. They can also test the opening and closingof the cabinet doors and drawers. They can place their existing table and chairsinto the picture so that the scene will be very realistic. They can walk aroundand discover and feel the ambiance of the new kitchen. With this technology, thecustomer is able to buy with a great more deal of confidence What Are Its UsesVirtual Reality is used: 1) In surgery system to view the virtual brain withsuperb three dimensional reality. 2) To simulate fatigue of cancer patients 3)In some electronic games 4) To stimulate construction des igns 5) In amusementpark attractions.

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays - Plague, Bubonic Plague, Yersinia Pestis

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays - Plague, Bubonic Plague, Yersinia Pestis THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Rana Kundu Introduction Plague, was a term that was applied in the Middle Ages to all fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an acute, infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans, caused by a short, thin, gram-negative bacillus. In humans, plague occurs in three forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes, which are characteristics of the plague in the groin or neck or armpit. Bubonic plague can only be transmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents and that seek new hosts when the original host dies. If the plague is left untreated it is fatal in thirty to seventy five percent of all cases. Mortality in treated cases is only five to ten percent. History Of The Bubonic Plague The origin of the bubonic plague is unknown but it may have started in Africa or India. Colonies of infected rats were established in Northern India, many years ago. Some of these rodents had infected traders on the route between the Middle East and China. After 1330 the plague had invaded China. From China it was transferred westward by traders and Mongol armies in the 14th century. While these traders were travelling westward they followed a more northerly route through the grasslands of what is now Russia, thus establishing a vast infected rodent population there. In 1346 the disease reached Crimea and found its way to Europe in 1347. The outbreak in Europe was a devastating one, which resulted in more than 25 million deaths-about twenty five percent of the continent's whole population. After that the plague reappeared irregularly in many European cities until the early 18th century, when it suddenly stopped there. No explanation has ever been given for the plague's rapid disappearance. Symptoms and Causes The first symptoms of the bubonic plague are headache, vomiting, nausea, aching joints and a feeling of ill health. The lymph nodes of the groin or of the armpit or neck suddenly start to become swollen and painful. The pulse and respiration rate of a bubonic plague victim is increased, and the victim will become listless and exhausted. The buboes will swell until they are approximately the size of a chicken egg. If a case is nonfatal than the temperature will begin to fall in about five days, and approaches normal in about two weeks, but in fatal cases death will probably occur within four days. Yersinia Pestis, an infectious agent is the cause of the Bubonic Plague. Yersina Pestis is a bacteria, which means the cells lack the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. These bacteria cells would contain the membrane but they would not be able to subdivide the inside of the cell. These bacteria cells do not have a nucleus so instead they have a nucleiod that contains genetic material. The two types of bacteria cells are gram-negative and gram-positive. Yersina Pestis is gram negative and that means that antibiotics are less effective on the plague because of a lipopolysaccharide layer over their walls that adds extra protection. Lymphatic System The bubonic plague has a major impact on the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes. Plague victims tend to have large bumps on their bodies which are called "buboes". These are actually swollen lymph nodes filled with puss. The spread of the infection causes the lymph nodes to become hard and painful. The lymph nodes are heavily concentrated in the neck, armpits, and groin. When a person becomes ill these areas will begin to swell because the body needs to make a vast amount of white blood cells to fight off whatever pathogen has entered the body. To make all parts of the body function properly the "electron transport chain" is needed. Yersina pestis releases a toxin into the body that obstructs this function from occurring. Prevention and Treatment Many preventive measures can be used to reduce the spread of the plague (sanitation, killing of rats, prevention in transport of rats). Individuals who contract the disease are isolated, fed fluids and put to bed. During World War II, scientists using sulfa

The Tragic Life, Murder Case of Dr. Sam Sheppard

The Tragic Life, Murder Case of Dr. Sam Sheppard Marilyn Sheppard was brutally murdered while her husband, Dr. Sam Sheppard, slept downstairs. Dr. Sheppard was sentenced to life in prison for the murder. He was eventually freed from prison, but the scars of the injustices he had to endure were permanent. Attorney F. Lee Bailey fought for Sheppards freedom, and won. Sam and Marilyn Sheppard Sam Sheppard was voted the man Most Likely to Succeed by his senior high school class. He was athletic, smart, good looking, and came from a good family. Marilyn Sheppard was attractive, with hazel eyes and long brown hair. The two began dating while in high school and eventually married after Sam graduated from the Los Angeles Osteopathic School of Physicians in September 1945. After he had graduated from medical school, Sam continued his studies and received his Doctor of Osteopathy degree. He went to work at the Los Angeles County Hospital. His father, Dr. Richard Sheppard, and his two older brothers Richard and Stephen also doctors, were running a family hospital and convinced Sam to return to Ohio in the summer of 1951 to work in the family practice. By this point, the young couple had a four-year-old son, Samuel Reese Sheppard (Chip), and with a loan from Sams father, they purchased their first home. The home sat on a high cliff overlooking Lake Erie shore in Bay Village, a semi-elite suburb of Cleveland. Marilyn settled into the life of being married to a physician. She was a mother, homemaker, and taught Bible classes at their Methodist Church. A Marriage in Trouble The couple, both sports enthusiasts, spent their leisure time playing golf, water skiing, and having friends over for parties. To most, Sam and Marilyns marriage seemed free of problems, but in truth, the marriage was suffering due to Sams infidelities. Marilyn knew about Sams affair with a former Bay View nurse named Susan Hayes. According to Sam Sheppard, although the couple experienced problems, divorce was never discussed as they worked to revitalize their marriage. Then tragedy struck. A Bushy Haired Intruder On the night of July 4, 1954, Marilyn, who was four months pregnant, and Sam entertained neighbors until midnight. After the neighbors left, Sam fell asleep on the couch and Marilyn went to bed. According to Sam Sheppard, he was awakened by what he thought was his wife calling his name. He ran to their bedroom and saw someone who he described later as a bushy haired man fighting with his wife but was immediately struck on the head, rendering him unconscious. When Sheppard awoke, he checked the pulse of his blood-covered wife and determined she was dead. He then went to check on his son and found him unharmed. Hearing noises coming from downstairs, he ran down and discovered the back door open. He ran outside and could see someone moving toward the lake and as he caught up with him, the two began to fight. Sheppard was struck again and lost consciousness. For months, Sam would describe what happened over and over- but few believed him. Sam Sheppard Is Arrested Sam Sheppard was arrested for the murder of his wife on July 29, 1954. On Dec. 21, 1954, he was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. A pre-trial media blitz, a biased judge, and police that focused only on one suspect, Sam Sheppard, resulted in a wrongful conviction that would take years to overturn. Soon after the trial, Sams mother committed suicide on Jan. 7, 1955. Within two weeks, Sams father was dead from a gastric ulcer that hemorrhaged. F. Lee Bailey Fights for Sheppard After the death of Sheppards lawyer, F. Lee Bailey was hired by the family to take over Sams appeals. On July 16, 1964, Judge Weinman freed Sheppard after finding five violations of Sheppards constitutional rights during his trial. The judge said the trial was a mockery of justice. While in prison, Sheppard corresponded with Ariane Tebbenjohanns, a wealthy and beautiful blond woman from Germany. The two married the day after his release from prison. Back to Court In May 1965, a federal appeals court voted to reinstate his conviction. On Nov. 1, 1966, a second trial began, but this time with special attention given to ensuring that Sheppards constitutional rights were protected. After 16 days of testimony, the jury found Sam Sheppard not guilty. Once free, Sam returned to work in medicine, but he also started drinking heavily and using drugs. His life quickly dissolved when he was sued for malpractice after one of his patients died. In 1968, Ariane divorced him and said he had stolen money from her, threatened her physically, and was abusing alcohol and drugs. A Life Lost For a short time, Sheppard got into the world of pro wrestling. He used his neurological background to promote a nerve hold he used in competition. In 1969, he married his wrestling managers 20-year-old daughter- although records of the marriage have never been located. On April 6, 1970, Sam Sheppard died of liver failure as a result of heavy drinking. At the time of his death, he was an insolvent and broken man. His son, Samuel Reese Sheppard (Chip), has devoted his life to clearing his fathers name.

Can Stress Cause Suicidal Symptoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Can Stress Cause Suicidal Symptoms - Essay Example The authenticity of this statement will be established in the proceeding arguments below. This is with the aim of drawing the attention of different psychologists to identify ways of addressing this subject with the main intention of reducing cases of suicides or suicidal thoughts. According to Carlson and Heth, stress can be defined as an unfavorable condition that can have an influence on an individual’s mind and physical welfare (527). Nevertheless, it has been a difficult experience to state precisely what defines stress that is, whether stress is a process, a cause or an effect that connects physical well being and mental status. Humans are complicated creatures to understand at times and therefore in terms of defining stress among humans, it might include both visible factors and invisible factors. Stress build-up has been known to give humans suicidal thoughts. This is not a new concept in the modern world, but it began a long time ago during the lifetime of Jesus for those who read the bible. When Judah, a disciple of Jesus; committed suicide after betraying his master. What drove him to develop such thoughts? In answering this question, there are various factors that can trigger someone to have suicidal thoughts at any given moment. Theories have emerged in connection with suicide thoughts and occurrences among the humans. The most striking theory is the newer theory concerning suicide by a famous American psychologist Thomas Joiner. In his theory, he has outlined three major factors that can trigger a person to resort to suicide. These include; a mindset of a person that he/she is alone in the surrounding and there is hardly anyone who has a concern or cares about them. In fact, this is normally a mistaken perception. Another factor concerns a person’s feeling that he/she is ‘a parasite’ to other people. These types of individuals have no other thoughts, apart from suicidal thoughts.  

Self assessment paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self assessment - Research Paper Example Emotional intelligence refers to an individual’s ability to identify his/her emotions and their ability to control their emotions. It even refers to an individual’s ability to identify the emotional issues that are being experienced by others. Identification of others emotional issues can help an individual in solving their emotional issues in order to motivate them to focus on organizational aims and objectives. On the emotional intelligence test that was available online I scored 61 points and on the emotional intelligence test that was available in the text book I scored 80 points. The main difference between the online and text book test is that the text book test in much elaborate. Secondly there is even a difference in the way both the test is scored and responses are ranked. The issue with the online test was that it contains more than 100 questions which become quite boring and dull. This means that I have higher degree of emotional intelligence and have the abi lity to control my emotions. This means that as a manager I will be able to control my emotions in the workplace and I will even be able to motivate my employees by identifying their emotional issues and solving those issues (Whetten 63). Locus of control refers to an individual’s perception of control he/she has over things that are happening in his/her life. On the test of locus of control I scored four which means that I have strong internal locus of control. Individuals who have strong internal locus of control tend to hold themselves responsible for all the events occurring in their life and in their environment (Whetten 79). They do not hold others responsible for any negative events and believe that all events are outcomes of their own behaviors. The findings of my locus of control are consistent with myself perception regarding my locus of control. Having high locus of control I will take full responsibility of all the negative outcomes as a manager and

United States in the 1920s with that of 1930s Essay Example for Free

United States in the 1920s with that of 1930s Essay The first half of the twentieth centuries saw America emerging as a World super power, and as one of the mature democracies among the British colonies. However, the transition was not smooth and the Nation has had its ups and downs moving from agrarian to industrial society through the glut and glum of the roaring twenties and gloomy thirties. While the 1920s were a period of affluence and optimism, America emerging as a victor in the First World War, the 1930s was characterized by scarcity and hardships caused by the Great Depression and Roosevelts New Deal. By the end of 1930s the nation was again agile and spirited, playing a constructive role in the Second World War in fighting the fascist and imperialistic forces. The paper presents a comparative study of the history of America in the 1920s with that of 1930s. The analysis and comparisons on the U.S history during these periods shall be undertaken along three historical landscapes the economic history, the political history and the socio-cultural history. However it is important to note that the economic history of the nation during the years have being instrumental in shaping the political and socio-cultural history; hence greater emphasis is placed on the economic history; also the crucial overlaps of the three systems are manifested in the discussion. The US. Economic History 1920s Vs 1930s While the decades 1920s and 1930s American history compares distinctively in many spheres, the prime divergence is perceivably in the economic scenario. The 1920s is characterized as a period of prosperity and optimism, whereas the 1930s is characterized as a period of extreme poverty and great economic  hardships. Also with the Great Depression of 1929, the U.S. free market economy of the 1920s gave way to federally regulated economy in the 1930s. As America emerged a victor in the First World War, the American society retreated into isolation and focusing on internal production and consumption, the economy transforming steadily from agrarian to industrial. It is understood that before World War I, a considerable majority, over 40% of all Americans lived on a farm, the percentage dropped to about 25% by the end of the twenties. The 1920s U.S. economic scenario is characterized by mass production, mass consumption and polarization of income. [DeLong, 1997] While America considerably remained an agrarian state, the WWI (First World War) brought with it considerable job opportunities in the mechanized sector. However the lack of skilled mechanical labor led to the development of mass production systems, enabling labor productivity and economies of scale as automobile and electronic industries surged the economic landscape. Mass production, coupled with high wages has had its impact on the economic front- rise in the standard of living and the level of consumptions, and a high degree of income polarization. Studies reveal that in 1929 the richest one percent of U.S. households held approximately 45 percent of national wealth, and that the concentration of wealth had been rising steeply through the 1920s. [DeLong, 1997] During the 1920s, as welfare capitalism established itself in the United States, the nation emerged as a modern middle-class economy of automobiles, consumer appliances like washing machines, refrigerators, radios. One of every five American residents had motor vehicles by 1929. It may be surmised that mass production in the early and mid 1920s made the post-WWI United States the richest society in the world, as the Americans looked forward to realizing the Great American Dream. [DeLong, 1997] However the economic surge reached its anticlimax with the Great Depression following the stock market crash in 1929, the greatest and the longest depression the world ever witnessed. While the Depression tremendously affected the American economy, it had impact on the international economic scenario as well. The polarization of income and the poor economic policies  of the government, which permitted unruly stock market investment leading to the 1929 market crash, are considered the main causes of the Depression. [Author Unknown, 2004] Though the Depression presents far-reaching economic implications, the scope of the paper shall be limited to its effect on the American economy in the years following the Depression and how the economy survived the recession in the 1930s. As the American society and economy struggled to emerge from years long depression, the decade 1930s started off with hopelessness and scarcity. The 1930s saw the Great American Dream transform into a nightmare as the land of hope and optimism became a land of despair and depravity. Unemployment and loss of jobs commonly prevailed in the U.S in the early thirties. Research suggest that between 1929 and 1932 the income of the average American family was reduced by 40%, from $2,300 to $1,500. As compared to the 1920s focus on advancement and prosperity, survival became the keyword in the 1930s. [Bernstein, 1987] Economy and politics are often interlinked and as may be seen, the U.S. economic scenario in the 1930s was potentially changed by political interventions. The Progressives, a minority in the 1920s, challenged the free-market welfare capitalism of the Republicans, who believed that the business of America is business; in 1932 Presidential election Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt won over Republican Herbert Hoover. The years followed witnessed the implementation of Roosevelts New Deal to counter the recession and depressive forces. The New Deal meant a paradigm shift in the way America worked. [Author Unknown, 2004] Roosevelts economy reforms bills include the Emergency Banking Relief Act that called for reopening of solvent banks, the reorganization of other banks, and giving Government the control over gold movements; the economy bill introducing balanced budgets; the federal regulations controlling ending the Prohibition Act of 1920s, the establishment of civilian conservation corps (CCC), the Agricultural Adjustments Act (AA), the Tennessee Valley Authority, National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) etc. These reforms presented strong inclinations to the socialist ideals; however  in 1935, the Supreme Court declared the NIRA and its regulatory authority saving capitalism in the United States. Whether Roosevelts policies were effective in setting the economy in shape is a subject of debate, as the implementation took years and WWII hindered the process; however, they were definitely effective in tackling the perils of depression as employment opportunities were created, introduced socio-economic reforms as the Social Security Act, though, with little impact on income distribution. [Bernstein, 1987] Even as America essentially remained capitalistic in the 1930s, the reforms turned the U.S. into a modest European-style social democracy. [DeLong, 1997] Thus, summing up, it may be surmised that as the 1920s revealed a chaotic economic prosperity which ultimately met its dead end in 1929, the 1930s saw the emergence of a new economic order, a disciplining of the economy that have sustained through the war years. The US. Political History 1920s Vs 1930s From a comparative perspective, at the outset, it may be said that in the 1920s politics directed the U.S. economy, though with little interventions; in the 1930s economy directed politics. From an international perspective, the post war America in the early 1920s retreated into isolation the Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations, as the Republican America realized that there were much to be done within than outside. The major internal politico-legal event of the 1920s is the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which enacted the Prohibition Act an act that marked the beginning of a Noble Experiment that endeavored to build up Americas moral character through the banning of alcohol. The Eighteenth Amendment, which came into force on January 16th 1920, put an end to all exporting, importing, manufacturing, transporting, and selling of intoxicating liquor. While the Act damaged the American economy considerably, being unenforceable, it increased crime and alcohol consumption. Ultimately the act failed to achieve its goals, and in a way added to the problems it  addressed, as 1920s America slipped into lawlessness and moral decay. [Behr, 1996] Another significant legislation in 1920s was of 19th Amendment extending women the right to vote, initiating a change in womens role in American society that persists to this day. Yet another political issue of significance was the introduction of restriction on immigration. In the political scenario, the Republicans who believed that business was the business of America received widespread criticism from the Progressives, for the critical income polarization and the social issues involved with it. But the latter being a minority force had little impact until 1932, when democrat Roosevelt rose to power with clear majority in the two houses. [Author Unknown, 2004] Since his assuming of power, as suggested earlier, the political scenario was increasingly directed by the changes in the economic scenario brought about by the New Deal. The enactments discussed in the earlier sections, as a part of the New Deal were instrumental in establishing a political order as well as an economic order, as the two major political forces the Republicans and the Democrats emerged in U.S. political landscape. [Hawley, 1992] The 1930s essentially remained a democratic era, the U.S. emerging as a modest social democracy, as politico-legal interventions saved the U.S. capitalism. The end of 1930s saw America increasingly turning towards external and international affairs, entering the war (WWII) scenario, as jobs and employment began to be created and the political decisions restored a waning economy to normalcy as America and its allies emerged successful. The US. Socio-Cultural History 1920s Vs 1930s Despite the prosperity and optimism, many consider the decade of 1920s as a decade of considerable cultural conflict. While the nation became increasingly urban and commercial, the socio-cultural landscape became more and more intolerant, characterized by isolation and marginalization of the non-whites. The end of WWI saw America retreating to provincialism. The Ku Klux Klan, a provincial racist group, aimed at alienating non-whites and other religious groups from the rest of American society, became the highly influential in socio-political landscape during the 1920s, as membership  rose to over three million members. The restriction on immigration was a ramification of the rising polarization among whites and non-whites in the American society. The Prohibition also had its negative impact on the socio-cultural landscape as it increased crime in the society, and led to the rise of gangsters, threatening the moral fabric of the society. However, it is worthwhile to note that the general prosperity of the roaring 20s have had significant impact on education and other facets of social development. Research suggests that before the WWI, only 7% of all Americans completed High School; the percentage rose to a big 41% by the end of 1920s. The impact of education is apparent in the general rise in the standard of living of the Americans during the 1920s. Also, the enforcement of the nineteenth amendment saw women emerging as a potential social force. As America slid into Depression, in the 1930s, the society witnessed a crucial leveling down between the divulging forces both social and economic as tolerance between groups improved. The economic severity played a vital role in social deconstruction as American society became more inclusive. [Watkins, 1993] The repealing of the Prohibition Act and the various social security and insurance schemes by Roosevelt facilitated reduction in poverty, and hence crime and hatred in the society. However the economic hardships of the 1930s caused a decline in the social development indices, particularly education. The 1930s American society, which had no means of entertainment increasingly turned towards movies and radios, the developments of the 1920s. The cultural landscape remained radiant, though people had little money to spent. [Elder, 1974] Thus, with regard to the socio-cultural history, it may be surmised that when the 1920s were characterized by chaos and intolerance, the 1930s saw the emergence of more tolerant society, mellowed and leveled by economic hardships. [Hawley, 1992] Conclusion The economic uproar of the 1920s eventually led to a catastrophic depression that extended through the 1930s, impacting and changing the American economic, political and socio-cultural landscapes. While 1920s marked the beginning of welfare capitalism, the 1930s saw it emerging as a more modest social democracy, while saving capitalism. The 1920s revealed a chaotic economic prosperity, which ultimately met its dead end in 1929, the 1930s saw the emergence of a new economic order, a disciplining of the American economy, that have sustained through the war years. In the political scenario the democrats emerged as a strong political force in the 1930s as Republicans failed to address the politico-economic problems during 1920s. In the socio-cultural front, when the 1920s were characterized by chaos and intolerance, the 1930s saw the emergence of more tolerant society, leveled by economic hardships. In conclusion, it may be said that the first decades of twentieth century American history were characterized by contradictions and conflicts, as America emerged a super power by the mid 1900s. References 1. Author Unknown, (2004) An Outline of American History (1990), From Revolution to Reconstruction Project Department of Humanities Computing (26, November) Available at: http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1990/chap7.htm Accessed 2/19/05 2. Behr, E. (1996) Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing. 3. Bernstein, M. A. (1987) The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 4. DeLong, J. B (1997) Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century, University of California at Berkeley and NBER (February) Available at: http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_roaring13.html Accessed 2/19/05 5. Elder, G H. (1974) Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 6. Hawley, E. W. (1992) The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933. 2nd edition. New York: St. Martins Press, 1992. 7. Watkins, T.H. (1993) The Great Depression: America in the 1930s New York: Little, Brown and Co.

Staying Connected Essay -- Technology, Social Medias, Smart Phones

What is the first thing we do when we get on our smart phone? Check Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. It is amazing how society stays connected today. With the technology we have, social networking has reached new heights in popularity and usefulness. The applications to social media are endless; from sharing pictures, songs, microblogging, and online dating, there is something in it for everyone. With the endless possibilities of social media, people can use it as a wonderful thing or abuse it to become a bad thing. With great power comes great responsibility, and social media is no exception to the rule. Social media can have a negative impact on society for several reasons. One of the first and main issues is privacy. People put so much information on the internet that they would never tell a stranger. People put questionable pictures on Facebook that are later regretted when viewed by an employer or boss. On Facebook people fill out biographies of themselves from date of birth all the way to where they live. They might as well put their social security number on there for anyone to see. The number of identity thieves has risen drastically over the past decade. With internet stalkers looking up and knowing everything about their victims, it is easier than ever to steel someone’s identity. Another problem with putting information on the internet is that companies take this information and sell it for advertising purposes. From a sales person’s view, this is the perfect opportunity to save money. Marketing teams have been trying to figure out how to specifically target each potential customer as cheaply as possible. Today they have figured out the key to this: social media. Have you ever wondered how the advertisement that pops... ...ocial media has redefined the way we live, for better or worse. It has the potential to be one of the greatest inventions in history. But until citizens become responsible as a whole, we cannot handle this power quite yet. Overall social media does more harm than good today, but with future corrections and revisions this could change for the good of mankind. Works Cited Lee, Ellen. â€Å"Social Sites Are Becoming Too Much of a Good Thing.† San Francisco Chronicle (2006) Rpt. in Issues across the Disciplines. Ed. Jennifer Pickel. Vol. #11. New York City: The City University of New York LaGuardia College, 2011. 152-55. Print. McCarthy, Ellen. â€Å"Oh, What a Tangled Online Dating Web We Weave.† Washington Post, 2009. Rpt. in Issues across the Disciplines. Ed. Jennifer Pickel. Vol. #11. New York City: The City University of New York LaGuardia College, 2011. 152-55. Print.

Eugene Nida

Eugene A. Nida  (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was a  linguist  who developed the  dynamic-equivalence  Bible-translation  theory. Nida was born in  Oklahoma City,  Oklahoma  on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church â€Å"to accept Christ as my Saviour† He graduated from the  University of California  in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. Later Nida became a founding charter member of  Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the  Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the  University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In 1943, Nida received his Ph. D. in Linguistics from the  University of Michigan, His Ph. D. dissertation,  A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major langu age according to the â€Å"immediate-constituent† theory. He began his career as a  linguist  with the  American Bible Society  (ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he continued to give lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and  Brussels,  Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96. Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the  Vatican  and the  United Bible Societies  (UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence. His contributions in general Nida has been a pioneer in the fields of  translation theory  and  linguistics.His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalenc e, also known as Functional Equivalence. Nida also developed the â€Å"componential-analysis† technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e. g. â€Å"bachelor† = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known. Nida's dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of  philologists  who maintain that an understanding of the  source text  (ST) an be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i. e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence). This theory, along with other theories of correspondence in translating, are elaborated in his essay  Principles of Correspondence,  where Nida begins by asserting that given that â€Å"no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which symbols are a rranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.Hence, there can be no fully exact translations. † While the impact of a translation may be close to the original, there can be no identity in detail. Some of his theories in detail First major contribution: Dynamic equivalence Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1) The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority. 2) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of audience: prospective audiences di ffer both in  decoding  ability and in potential interest. Nida brings in the reminder that while there are no such things as â€Å"identical  equivalents† in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the â€Å"closest natural equivalent†.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E). Principle of dynamic equivalence * General introduction In Toward a Science of Translating, Nida first put forward the principle of dynamic equivalence which he defines as â€Å"the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message† (Nida,1964, p. 59). Following this principle, dynamic equivalence, as defined by Nida, is to reproduce â€Å"in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source-language message†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 12). Nida (1964: 167) particularly stresses that â€Å"a natural rendering must fit the receptor language and culture as a whole; the context of the particular message; and the receptor-language audience†. To put it plain, either the meaning or form should not sound â€Å"foreign†.The essence of dynamic equivalence is the receptor's response, in Nida's own term, â€Å"the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language† (Nida and Taber, 1969: 68). The reaction or response is based on the comprehensive reception of the message, not only understanding the meaning or content, but also feeling in the way the original readers do. By laying stress on the receptor's response, he underlines the improvement to the source text by the receptor's subjectivity and aesthetic sense. The essential features of the principle we must first know about the essential fe atures of this principle and D-E translation. As Nida himself points out, the essential features of D-E translation consists of the following points: (1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message. (2) natural, which points toward the receptor language (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation (Nida, 1964). All these points aim at arousing â€Å"similar response† between the source text readers and the target text readers.A. Equivalent As mentioned above, this aims at reproducing the message of the original text. This is the basic requirement of D-E translation, as is with any other kind of translation. That is to say, to produce a D -E translation, the translator must aim primarily at conveying the meaning of the original text, and to do anything else is essentially wrong to his task as a translator, because translation is basically a kind of communication (Nida and Taber, 1982). B. Natural A D -E translation is directed primarily towards the similarity of response.To achieve this purpose, the translation must be natural, for it is of great importance to arousing in the target readers a response similar to that of the original readers. To be natural, the equivalent forms should not be â€Å"foreign† either in terms of form, or in terms of meaning, which means that the translation should not reveal any signs of its non-native source (Nida, 1975). Nida stresses that naturalness in a D-E translation must fit these three aspects: (1) The receptor language and culture as a whole, 2) The context of the particular message, (3) The receptor-language audience (Nida, 1964). He further remarks: The best translation does not sound like a translation [It should not] exhibit in its grammatical and stylistic forms any trace of awkwardness or strangeness It should studiously avoid ‘translationese' he defines as ‘formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the cont ent and the impact of die message' (Nida and Taber, 1982). C. Closest â€Å"Closest† here is of a double nature.On the one hand, it indicates that equivalence in translation can never be absolute identity, because â€Å"loss occurs in all forms of communication, whether it involves translation or not† (Bassenet and Lefevere, 1990, p. 35). It can only be an approximation, because no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences. Therefore, the total impact of a translation may be reasonably close to the original, but there can be no identity in detail.On the other hand, since equivalence in translation is just a kind of approximation, not absolute identity, it naturally results in the possibility to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text on various degrees or in different aspects. However, it is the highest degree that a D-E translat ion is expected to strive for. In other words, though loss of meaning is inevitable, the translator should try his best to reduce it to the minimum. D. Similar Response This is the principal aim of the D-E translation and all the above three points are directed to it.The term â€Å"response† here refers to the way in which receptors of a text understand the text, including the effect the text produces on them while â€Å"similar response† involves a comparison of two relations: the relation of the target text readers to the target text should be substantially the same to that of the source text readers to the source text. That is to say, the target text readers must not only know how the source text readers must have understood the content of the text, but they should also be able to appreciate some of the impact and appeal which such a text must have had for t he source text readers (Jin Di and Nida, 1984).Formal Correspondence in opposition to dynamic equivalence: Ni da puts forward dynamic equivalence in opposition to formal correspondence. In speaking of naturalness, he is strongly against ‘translationese' as we mentioned Basically, a formal equivalence translation, as Nida (1964, 165) states, is source-oriented, which is designated to reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message, that is, to match as closely as possible the formal elements like grammatical units, consistency in word usage, meanings in terms of the source context, just to name some. David Crystal, J.R. Firth, Catford and other linguists and translation theorists agree upon the six levels of formal equivalence, namely, phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical and semantic equivalence. We may throw more light on formal equivalence or â€Å"correspondence† by citing Catford's view. Catford and his views of equivalence in translation: Catford's approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida s ince Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday.Catford has defined formal correspondence as â€Å"identity of function of correspondent items in two linguistic systems: for him, a formal correspondent is  «any TL /target language/ category which may be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the  «same » place in the economy of the TL as the given SL/source language/ category occupies in the SL † (Catford, 1965: 32). His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria: 1.The extent of translation (full translation  vs  partial translation); 2. The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation  vs. unbounded translation);   3. The levels of language involved in t ranslation (total translation  vs. restricted translation). We will refer only to the second criterion of translation, since this is the one that concerns the concept of equivalence, and we will then move on to analyze the notion of translation shifts, as elaborated by Catford, which are based on the distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence.In  rank-bound translation  an equivalent is sought in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST. In  unbounded translation  equivalences are not tied to a particular rank, and we may additionally find equivalences at sentence, clause and other levels. Catford finds five of these ranks or levels in both English and French. Thus, a  formal correspondence  could be said to exist between English and French if relations between ranks have approximately the same configuration in both languages, as Catford claims they do.As far as translation shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as â⠂¬Ëœdepartures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL' (ibid. :73). Catford argues that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely  level shifts,  where the SL item at one linguistic level (e. g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e. g. lexis), and  category shifts  which are divided into four types: 1. Structure-shifts,  which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT;  Ã‚   2.Class-shifts,  when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i. e. a verb may be translated with a noun;  Ã‚   3. Unit-shifts, which involve changes in rank; 4. Intra-system shifts,  which occur when ‘SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system' (ibid. :80). For instance, when the SL singular becomes a TL plural .The Priority of Dynamic Equivalence over Formal Correspondence In view of the difficulty in retaining formal correspondence, and of the fact that all communication is goal-oriented, no matter intralingual or interlingual communication, the move from the source's intention to the receptor's interpretation is quite natural and reasonable. So Nida's dynamic equivalence seems a good way to foster the interlingual communication and it is justified to say that dynamic equivalence often has priority over formal correspondence. C. W.Orr likens translation to painting: â€Å"the painter does not reproduce every detail of the landscape†, he selects what seems best to him, and for a translator, â€Å"it is the spirit, not only the letter that he asks to embody in his own version† (Nida, 1964: 162). Merits and demerits of dynamic equivalence theory As is known to all, translation in essence is a kind of communication, and its main task is to let the target reader understand the m eaning of the original text. Whether a translation is good or not depends largely on whether the target reader understands the original message adequately.However, traditionally, the adequacy of translation is judged only on the basis of the correspondence in words and grammar between the source and target languages, and this is sometimes misleading (Nida, 1993). Since translating means communication, evaluating the adequacy of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. In short, it cannot stop with a comparison of the verbal forms of the source and target texts.Instead, it should take into consideration the reader's response and comparison should be made between â€Å"the way in which the original receptor understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text† (Nida, 1993 p. 116). Merits It has a lot of merits to t ake into consideration the readers' response and focus on the similarity between the response of the source text readers and that of the target text readers, which include the following aspects: – Rationality of Taking into Consideration the Reader's Response Since translation is mainly intended for its readers to understand, quite naturally, we should take into consideration how the readers interpret the translation, namely, their response to the target text, and compare it with that of the source text readers to the source text. Only when the response o f the source text readers and that of target text readers are similar can we say that the translation is adequate. If we do not take into consideration the readers' response when judging the adequacy of a translation, it is often misleading.As we know, sometimes what seems to be equivalent translation of the original text in terms of lexical, grammatical features may actually distort the meaning. Most earlier approaches to t ranslation have focused attention upon the relationship of the source text to the target text, whether in terms of form or content. The concept of dynamic equivalent translating introduces an important new dimension, namely, the relationship of receptors to the respective texts†¦. [It] deals not merely signs as signs, but focuses on the ways in which verbal signs have meaning for receptors.It is really within such a context that discussions of transnational adequacy and acceptability make sense (Jin Di and Nida, 1984). In short, taking into consideration the readers' response helps to reproduce the original message adequately and guarantee equivalence between the source text and the target text in real sense. B. Avoiding the Debate over Literal Translation versus Free Translation Whether to translate literally or freely is an issue that has long been debated in the translation circle.Some scholars argue for literal translation while others argue for free translation. It seems t hat the two views will never reconcile with each other. However, it is no use arguing which is better, since literal translation and free translation both have their validity and limitations. Instead, it is more helpful, in the author's opinion, to deal with this issue from a different perspective and provide a principle of translation that can well combine them. In a sense, the principle of dynamic equivalence may serve as an effective means to turn aside the debate.Since it focuses on the similar response, any kind of translation, either literal or free, is adequate, so long as it can arouse the similar response. Thus, the debate over literal translation versus free translation tends to be useless, and the choice between them depends on which can better bring about the â€Å"closest natural equivalent† and elicit â€Å"substantially the same response†. C. Freeing the Translator from the Binding of the Original Verbal Form and Increasing Translatability Languages diff er from each other, and each language has its own peculiarities.Sometimes the ways of using language are peculiar to a certain language. In this case, if the translator focuses on the original verbal form, he is usually incompetent. However, if he turns aside from the verbal form and focuses on the similar response, he can sometimes â€Å"crack the nut†. D. More readable and understandable text The advantage of dynamic equivalence is that it usually produces a more readable/understandable Bible version. Early translations of Bible were sometimes obscure and may reach the edge of unintelligibility as they were keen on preserving the original text. DemeritsNida's dynamic equivalence theory is of great practical value, as well verified by his Bible translation. However, it is not almighty and perfect. There are still some doubts which invite argument. A. The abstract nature of dynamic equivalence as a translation criterion The first doubt cast upon the theory is that it is too a bstract to be used as a criterion to judge the quality of a translation. Nida maintains, â€Å"to measure dynamic equivalence, we can only rightly compare the equivalence of response, rather than the degree of agreement between the original source and the later receptors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 23).However, the measurement is intuitive, dependent upon subjective judgment, for how can we know exactly the responses of the source language receptors, particularly if the source text was written ages ago? Moreover, the receptors Nida has in mind are the specific readers of certain text and it is their responses that are required to judge the quality of a translation, but he does not request the average readers of the translation to check with the source text, since they do not know or just know a little source language, that is to say, those who judge virtually are not average readers but the critics of a translation or linguists.B. – The degree of â€Å"naturalnessà ¢â‚¬  in translation Moreover, in speaking of â€Å"naturalness†, Nida insists that the best translation should not sound like a translation, but I think otherwise for two reasons: Firstly, language and culture are inseparable. â€Å"Language is an integral part of culture,† John Lyon says, â€Å"and that the lexical distinctions drawn by each language will tend to reflect the culturally-important features of objects, institutions and activities in the society in which the language operates community that uses a particular language as its means of expression†.As translation aims to enable one to get exposed to foreign works, while you are translating a foreign language text, you are introducing its culture as well. The change of some images bearing cultural features will undoubtedly diminish the cultural load of its language and leave unfinished the task of cultural transmission. By naturalizing the translation, dynamic equivalence, to certain degree, has ignor ed the assimilating ability of peoples.In spite of the fact that differences do exist, the similarities between men are finally much greater than the differences†, and â€Å"all members of the species share primal attributes of perception and response which are manifest in speech utterances and which can therefore be grasped and translated. In sum, to sound â€Å"natural† to the receptor is good, while to keep â€Å"foreignness† or â€Å"strangeness† to certain degree is also permissible. In this sense, as far as the preservation of the cultural elements of the source language is concerned, it is desirable that a translation read like a translation. C. The simplification of the source languageWhat also comes under criticism is that dynamic equivalence risks simplifying the source language, even decreasing its literary value. One of the distinctive features of literary works is the frequent use of figurative language and fresh expressions, and the authorâ €™s real intention is to be sought between the lines. If intelligibility or the communicative effect of the receptor language text is always given the priority and all the figurative images in the source text are left out, or all that is implicit is made explicit, then, despite its intelligibility, the receptor language text reads boring and fails the purpose of literature.Therefore, in translating secular literary works, unlike Bible translation, intelligibility should not be solely stressed. In later years Nida has increasingly realized the problem and in his work From One Language to Another, he no longer agrees to the priority of intelligibility but places equal weight on intelligibility, readability and acceptability. D. Modification of Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Correspondence Aware of the defects in his dynamic equivalence theory, Nida continues to modify and perfect his theories, including those concerning formal correspondence.He acknowledges that any element in con nection with receptor language text is meaningful, including the form: â€Å"For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida, 1989: 5). If form is sacrificed, meaning is damaged as well, so he cautions the translator not to easily change the form and asks them to achieve as much formal correspondence as possible, which marks a shift from total neglect of form to attaching certain importance to formal elements.Mention should also be made of his replacing â€Å"dynamic equivalence† by â€Å"functional equivalence† in From One Language to Another. No matter how varied the ways of expression of languages are, he holds, they have the same or similar functions, therefore, functional equivalence seems more accurate and precise. E. Risk of imprecise translation The translator is â€Å"freer† from the grammatical forms of the original language, he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language.That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. Second major contribution: Componential analysis To determine the meaning of any form contrast must be found, for there is no meaning apart from significant differences. Nida (1975: 31) states â€Å"If all the universe were blue, there would be no blueness, since there would be nothing to contrast with blue. The same is true for the meanings of words.They have meaning only in terms of systematic contrasts with other words which share certain features with them but contrastwith them in respect to other features†. Nida in â€Å"Componential Analysis of Meaning† (1975: 32) categorize the types of components into two main types, i. e. common component and diagnostic or distinctive component. a. Common component. This is the central component which is shared by all the lexemes in the same semantic domain or lexical field. b. Diagnostic or distinctive components.They serve to distinguish the meaning from others from the same domain. A very simple example to explain these two types is provided by the words man, woman, boy, girl, and other related words in English (Leech, 1976: 96). These words all belong to the semantic field of ‘human race’ and the relations between them may be represented by the following matrix. components| man| woman| boy| girl| | [human]| +| +| +| +| | [adult]| +| +| -| -| | [male]| +| -| +| -| | Table 1. Common and Diagnostic Components of the words man, woman, boy, and girl.In the semantic domain of man, woman, boy, and girl, [human] is the common component, and they are distinguished by [adult], [male], [female] as the diagnostic components. The meanings of the individual items can then be expressed by combinations of these features: Man +[human ] +[adult] +[male] Woman +[human] +[adult] -[male] Boy +[human] -[adult] +[male] Girl +[human] -[adult] -[male] Before going further with the componential approach, it is important to consider possible differences in the roles of diagnostic components (Nida, 1975: 38).The differences can be best designated as (1) implicational, (2) core, and (3) inferential. Implicational component are those implied by a particular meaning, though they do not form an essential part of the core meaning. On the contrary, implicational components remain associated with a meaning, even when other components are negativized by the context. The word repent has three diagnostic components: (1) previous wrong behavior, (2) contrition for what has been done, and (3) change of behavior, and the first component is implicational. Whether in a positive or negative context, e. . he repented of what he did or he didn’t repent of what he did, the implication is that the person in question did something wrong . The negation affects the core components which specify the central aspects of the event, but does not modify the implicational component. The inferential components of meanings are those which may be inferred from the use of an expression, but which are not regarded as obligatory, core elements. In the expression the policeman shot the thief, ‘the thief was killed’ is the inference, and without further contextual condition assumed to be the case.However, it is possible to deny this inference, e. g. ‘the policeman shot the thief but didn’t kill him’. At the same time an inferential component may be explicitly stated, e. g. the policeman shot the thief to death or the policeman shot and killed the thief. Conclusion Nida is a great figure that contributed great efforts to the development of Translation Theories. His numerous books reflect a prominent translator and researcher as well. His major contribution was the introduction of â€Å"dynamic equiv alence† which represented a shift in attention of the process of translation.Nida's dynamic equivalence contributes a remarkable insight into translating and helps to create an atmosphere of treating different languages and cultures from an entirely new perspective. The concept of dynamic equivalence, despite having some disadvantages but perfection is inaccessible and the concept really formed a milestone along the road of translation studies and theories Works cited 1. Bassnet, Susan & Andre Lefevere, eds.. Translation: History & Culture. London: Casell, 1990. Print 2. Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Print 3. â€Å"Eugene A. Nida. Wikipedia Free Ecyclopedia. Web. 7 April 2013. 4. Jin Di ; Eugene A. Nida. . On Translation: with special Reference to Chinese and English. Beijing: China Translation ; Publish Corporation, 1984. print. 5. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964. Print. 6. Nida, Eugene A. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. Print 7. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993. Print. 8. Nida, Eugene A. ; Charles R. Taber. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982. Print. .

What Makes Supply and Demand?

The relationship between supply and demand is considered to be the most essential idea and practice as well as the fundamental foundation in the field of economy. According to a Forbes Digital Company, demand is the measurement or extent of a particular merchandise or service which, in turn, is the one preferred by buyers or specific market. The amount required refers to the monetary worth of a product which the public is prepared to but at a specified cost. Hence, the link between the value and magnitude demanded is what is called the demand relationship (â€Å"Economics Basics: Demand and Supply,† 2008). Meanwhile, supply refers to how much the marketplace can propose. The capacity supplied also corresponds to the quantity of precise superior manufacturers which are ready to supply when getting a particular amount. The relationship between the worth and how much of a specific merchandise of service is provided to the public recognized as the supply relationship and that price, consequently, is a healthy indication of supply and demand (â€Å"Economics Basics: Demand and Supply,† 2008). It is also significant to know that the law of supply exists when all other elements stay to be uniform hence the higher the amount of product and service, the less the public will require for that good. Also, the price that people pay at a higher cost is less due to the link that as the amount of product or service escalates; it goes the same way with the prospect value of purchasing the said god. In effect, humans by nature will be prevented from patronizing a good which compel them to give up the chance of buying a product or service which they definitely treasure more (â€Å"Economics Basics: Demand and Supply,† 2008). Similarly, the law of supply exhibits the measurements which will be retailed at a particular cost. In contrast to the law of demand, however, the supply relationship demonstrates a rising slope when illustrated. Hence, this simply means that the more elevated the cost, the quantity supplied also soars (â€Å"Economics Basics: Demand and Supply,† 2008).

buy custom Jack the Ripper essay

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Precipitate Definition and Example in Chemistry

Precipitate Definition and Example in Chemistry In chemistry, to precipitate is  to form an insoluble compound either by reacting two salts or by changing the temperature to affect the solubility of the compound. Also,​ the name given to the solid that is formed as a result of a precipitation reaction. Precipitation may indicate a chemical reaction has occurred, but it may also occur if solute concentration exceeds its solubility. Precipitation is preceded by an event called nucleation, which is when small insoluble particles aggregate with each other or else form an interface with a surface, such as the wall of a container or a seed crystal. Key Takeaways: Precipitate Definition in Chemistry In chemistry, precipitate is both a verb and a noun.To precipitate is to form an insoluble compound, either by decreasing the solubility of a compound or by reacting two salt solutions.The solid that forms via a precipitation reaction is called the precipitate.Precipitation reactions serve important functions. They are used for purification, removing or recovering salts, for making pigments, and to identify substances in qualitative analysis. Precipitate vs Precipitant The terminology can seem a bit confusing. Heres how it works: Forming a solid from a solution is called precipitation. A chemical that causes a solid to form in a liquid solution is called a precipitant. The solid is called the precipitate. If the particle size of the insoluble compound is very small or there is insufficient gravity to draw the solid to the bottom of the container, the precipitate may be evenly distributed throughout the liquid, forming a suspension. Sedimentation refers to any procedure that separates the precipitate from the liquid portion of the solution, which is called the supernate. A common sedimentation technique is centrifugation. Once the precipitate has been recovered, the resulting powder may ​be  called a flower. Precipitation Example Mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride in water will cause silver chloride to precipitate out of solution as a solid. In this example, the precipitate is silver chloride. When writing a chemical reaction, the presence of a precipitate may be indicated by following the chemical formula with a down arrow: Ag Cl- → AgCl↓ Uses of Precipitates Precipitates may be used to identify the cation or anion in a salt as part of qualitative analysis. Transition metals, in particular, are known to form different colors of precipitates depending on their elemental identity and oxidation state. Precipitation reactions are used to remove salts from water, to isolate products, and to prepare pigments. Under controlled conditions, a precipitation reaction produces pure crystals of precipitate. In metallurgy, precipitation is used to strengthen alloys. How to Recover a Precipitate There are several methods used to recover a precipitate: Filtration: In filtration, the solution containing the precipitate is poured over a filter. Ideally, the precipitate remains on the filter, while the liquid passes through it. The container may be rinsed and poured onto the filter to aid recovery. There is always some loss, either through dissolution into the liquid, passing through the filter, or adhesion to the filter media. Centrifugation: In centrifugation, the solution is rapidly rotated. For the technique to work, the solid precipitate must be more dense than the liquid. The compacted precipitate, called the pellet, may be obtained by pouring off the liquid. There is typically less loss than with filtration. Centrifugation works well with small sample sizes. Decantation: In decantation, the liquid layer is poured or suctioned away from the precipitate. In some cases, an additional solvent is added to separate the solution from the precipitate. Decantation may be used with the entire solution or following centrifugation. Precipitate Aging A process called precipitate aging or digestion occurs when a fresh precipitate is allowed to remain in its solution. Typically the temperature of the solution is increased. Digestion can produce larger particles with a higher purity. The process that leads to this result is known as Ostwald ripening. Sources Adler, Alan D.; Longo, Frederick R.; Kampas, Frank; Kim, Jean (1970). On the preparation of metalloporphyrins. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 32 (7): 2443. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(70)80535-8Dhara, S. (2007). Formation, Dynamics, and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 32 (1): 1-50. doi:10.1080/10408430601187624Zumdahl, Steven S. (2005). Chemical Principles (5th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-37206-7.

Managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing change - Essay Example In addition, by referring to the ever-increasing challenges in modern local and global market, organisation managers and leadership ought to be mindful of various intervention approaches and mechanism that can effectively facilitate successful and productive implementation of the proposed changes. Based on the available statistical facts and previous research findings, the adoption and implementation of the most effective changes and change intervention in modern institutions and profit making organisations is the most debated issue among business executives. Different levels and forms of complexity in contemporary local and global market always accompany changes in modern business entity and other profit-making organisation. Changes as well vary significant and in extent from transformational change to nominal change in modern business entities. ... ration or transformation in organization’s operations, activities, and managements undertaken in a company to advance its efficiency and productivity. In most cases, changes in any organisation are executed to comply with market dynamic, complexity and technological changes in local and global market. In most cases, economic activities produce benefits and costs that are spread over to all parties in the economic sector. These benefits and costs are described as externalities that have a very essential role in shaping changes and changing activities and operations in any organization Wellard Rural Exports Pty Ltd capitalises on sale and production of sheep and goat products in local and global market. However, despite its popularity in Australian local and global market, Wellard Rural Exports Pty Ltd was forced by modern technological developments and market complexity to introduce and institute various policies and changes that were aimed at advancing their short term and lon g-term productivity and profitability. In the last two decades, Wellard Rural Exports Pty Ltd has encountered consistent market competition from local and global competitors. To some extent, the increased markets competition and complexity have significantly affected its efficiency and productivity. To counter the ever-increasing challenges in local and global market, the company have instituted very effective internal and external operation and management changes and change intervention. Some of the changes instituted in Wellard Rural Exports Pty Ltd are aimed at holistically addressing emerging human process issues, structural and technological issues, strategic complications as well as human resource challenges. In an effort to ensure that the proposed changes are fully implemented and